ARYAN & TEUTONIC ROOTS

✔AK,  ( = ✔AH),  to pierce, to be sharp, to be quick.  Skt. aç, to pervade, attain (a secondary sense); aç-va, a (swift) horse; Gk. ἄκ-ρος, pointed, ἀκ-όνη, whet-stone, ἄκ-ων, javelin, ἀκ-μή, edge, ἵπ-πος, a horse; Lat. ac-us, needle, ac-er, keen, sharp, ac-uere, to sharpen, ac-ies, edge, eq-uus, a horse; Goth. ah-ana, chaff (ear of corn), A.S. ecg, edge.   F. iii. 475; C. i. 161, ii. 52; V. 4.   Ex. acacia, acme, aconite, acrobat, hippopotamus; acid, acute, ague, aglet, equine, eager; edge, egg (2), ear (2), axe.

✔AK,  ( = ✔AH),  to see.  (Gk. οπ-, for οκ-.)   Skt. ak-sha, eye, ík-sh, to see;  Gk. ὄψ-ομαι, I shall see, ὄψ-ις, sight, ὀφ-θαλ&muός, eye; Lat. oc-ulus, eye; Russ. ok-o, eye; Goth. aug-o, eye.  F. i. 473; C. ii. 62;  V. 8.   Ex. optics, opthalmist, antelope, canopy; ocular; eye.

✔AK,  to be dark.   Gk. ἀχ-λύς, darkness; Lith. ak-las, blind; Lat. aquilus, dark-colored.   Ex. aquiline, eagle.

✔AK, or ANK  ( = ✔AH or ANG), to bend.   Skt. añch, to bend, curve; Gk. ἀγκ-ών, ὄγκ-ος, a bend; Lat. unc-us, curved, ang-ulus, an angle; A. S. ang-el, a hook.   F. i. 473; C. i. 160; V. 2.  Ex. anchor, angle (1); ankle, angle (2), awkward.

✔AG,  (= ✔AK),  to drive, urge, conduct.  Skt. aj, to drive; Gk. ἄγ-ειν; Lat. ag-ere; Icel. ak-a (pt. t. ók), to drive.   F. i. 478; C. i. 208; V. 14.   Ex. agony, axiom; agent, axis, agile; acre, acorn, ache, axle.

✔AGH,  to say, speak.  Skt. ah, to speak;  Lat. ā-io, I say, ad-ag-ium, a saying.   F. i. 481;  V. 20.   Ex. adage, negation. 

✔AGH,  to be in want.   Gk. ἀχ-ήν, poor, needy; Lat. eg-ere, to be in want.  F. i. 482; C. i. 234; V. 21.  Ex. indigent.

✔AGH or ANGH  (= ✔AG or ANG), to choke, strangle, compress, afflict, frighten.   Skt. ah-as, pain, ah-i, a snake, agh-a, sin; Gk. ἄγχ-ειν, to strangle, ἄχ-ομαι, I am vexed, ἄχ-ος, anguish; Lat. ang-ere, to choke, ang-ina, quinsy, anx-ius, distressed, ang-uilla, eel; Goth. ag-is, fright, awe.  F. i. 481; C. i. 234; V. 22.   Ex. quinsy (= squin-anc-y); anger, anguish, anxious; ail, awe, eel, ugly.

✔AD,  (= ✔AT),  to eat.  Skt. ad, to eat; Gk. ἒδ-ειν; Lat. ed-ere; Goth. it-an, A. S. et-an, to eat.   F. i. 483; C. i. 296; V. 24.   Ex. anodyne; edible; eat, fret, ort; perhaps dental and tooth.

✔AD,  to smell.  Gk. ὄζειν (= ὄδ-γειν), to smell, pt. t. ὄδ-ωδ-α;  Lat. od-or, odour, ol-ere (for od-ere), to smell.  F. i. 484; C. i. 302; V. 26.   Ex. ozone; odour, olfactory, redolent. 

✔AN,  to breathe.   Skt. an, to breathe, Goth. uz-anan, to breathe out or expire; Gk. ἄν-εμος, wind; Lat. an-imus, spirit.  F. i. 485; C. i. 380; V. 28.  Ex. anemone; animal, animosity, &c.   ¶ According to Fick, oral belongs here; but Curtius refers it to AS, to be; which see.

Base ANA,  this, that; demonstrative pronoun.  Skt. ana, this; Lat. ille, O. Lat. ollus (put for onu-lus); Lat. ul-tra, beyond.  ¶ Here belong Gk. ἀνά, ἐν, Lat. in; see the list of Prefixes.  Hence the comp. form Goth. an-thar, other, second, A. S. óðer.  Ex. ulterior, outrage, other.
      ✔ANK  and ✔ANGH,  see nos. 4 and 8.

✔ANG,  to anoint, smear.  Skt. añj, to anoint; Lat. unguere, to anoint.  F. i. 479; C. ii. 306; V. 20.  Ex. unguent, anoint, ointment.

✔AP,  to seize, attain, bind; to work.   Skt. áp, to attain, áp-ta, fit, ap-as, work; Gk. ἅπ-τειν, to bind; Lat. ap-ere, to join together, ap-isci, to seize, get, ap-tus, fit; op-us, work, op-es, wealth, op-tare, to wish (try to get), op-timus, best.   F. i. 489; V. 32.   Ex. apse; apt, adapt, adept, adopt, operate, opinion, optative, opulent, copy, copious, optimist; (probably) if.

✔AM,  to take.   Lat. em-ere, to take, buy; Lith. im-ti, to take; Russ. im-iete, to have.   Ex. exempt, redeem, example, præmium, prompt, vintage.

✔AR,  sometimes AL, to raise, move, go.   Skt. ri, to go, move; Gk. ἔρ-χομαι, I go, ἤλ-υθον, I went, ὄρ-νυμι, I excite, stir up, ὄρ-νις, a bird; Lat. al-acer, quick, or-iri, to arise, ad-ol-escere, to grow up, al-ere, to nourish, al-tus, raised, high, Goth. al-an, to nourish, ri-nnan, to run, Icel. er-n, vigorous; &c.   F. i. 493; C. i. 432; V. 41.   Ex. ornithology, proselyte, metal; aliment, allegro, adult, origin, order, abortion, altar; earnest (1), elbow, run, old, &c.; also rash (1).

✔AR,  to drive, to row; probably the same as the root above.   Skt. ri, to go, move, ar-itra, a rudder; Gk. ἐρ-έσσειν, to row, ἐρ-ετμός, an oar; Lith. ir-ti, to row; Lat. r-emus, an oar; A. S. ár, an oar; ró-wan, to row.   F. i. 495; C. i. 427; V. 49.   Ex. trireme; oar, row (2), rudder.

✔AR,  to plough.   Gk. ἀρ-όειν, Lat. ar-are, Goth. ar-jan, A. S. er-ian, to plough.   F. i. 496; C. i. 426; V. 49.   Ex. arable; ear (3).

✔AR,  to gain, acquire, fit; the same as ✔RA, to fit, which see.   Skt. ri, to gain, attain, ar-a, spoke of a wheel, Gk. ἄρ-μενος, fitted, ἄρ-θρον, joint, limb, ἀρ-ιθμός, reckoning, series, number, ἁρ-μός, joint, shoulder, ἀρ-ετή, excellence, Lat. ar-mus, ar-tus, a limb, ar-s, skill, Goth. ar-ms, an arm, A. S. ear-m, arm.   F. i. 493; C. i. 423; V. 46.   Ex. aristocracy, harmony, arithmetic; arms, art; arm (1).

✔ARK,  to protect, keep safe.   Gk. ἀρκ-εῖν, to keep off, suffice, ἀλκ-ή, defence; Lat. arcere, to keep, arca, a box.   F. i. 22; V. 54.   Ex. ark.

✔ARK,  to shine.   Skt. arch, to shine, ark-a, sun-beam; Gk. ἤλεκ-τρον, amber, shining metal.   F. i. 22; C. i. 168.   Ex. arctic, electric.

✔ARG,  to shine.   Cf. no. 21.   Skt. arj-una, white, ráj, to shine; Gk. ἄργ-υρος, silver; Lat. arg-uere, to make clear, arg-illa, white clay, arg-entum, silver.   F. i. 23; C. i. 211; V. 57.   Ex. argent, argillaceous, argue.

✔ARS,  to flow, glide swiftly.   Extension of ✔AR, to move; no. 16.   Skt. rish, to flow; Lat. err-or (for ers-or*), a wandering; A. S. rǽs, swift flow.   F. i. 499; V. 63.   Ex. error; race (1).

✔AL,  for original AR, to burn.   A. S. æl-an, to burn, Icel. el-dr, fire; cf. Skt. ar-úna, tawny.   F. i. 500.   Ex. anneal.   (Perhaps area (?), arena, arid, ardent belong to ✔AR, to burn, parch; V. 53.)   But see addenda to ARENA.

✔AW,  to be pleased, be satisfied.   Skt. av, to please, satisfy, Vedic av, to be pleased; Gk. αἰσθάνομαι ( = αϜ-σθάνομαι), I perceive; Lat. au-ere, to desire, au-arus, greedy, ou-is, a sheep (orig. pet animal, tame), au-ris, ear, au-dire, to hear, perceive; Goth. aw-i, sheep, ewe, au-so, ear.   F. i. 501; C. i. 482, 487; V. 67.   Ex. æsthetic; audience, avarice, ave, uncle; ear (1), ewe.

✔AW,  to blow; the same as ✔WA, to blow; see no. 330.   Gk. ἀ-ήρ (for ἀϜ-ήρ), air, ἄ-ημι, I blow, Lat. au-ra, breeze, a-er, air, au-is, a bird.   C. i. 483; V. 69.   Ex. air, aviary, soar.

✔AS,  to breathe, live, exist, be.   Skt. as-u, vital breath, as, to exist, be; Gk. ἐσ-μι, εἰ-μι, I am; Lat. s-um, I am, es-se, to be; ab-s-ens, being away, præ-s-ens, being present, s-ons, guilty; A.S. is, is; s-óð, being, i.e. true, s-yn, sin; &c.   F. i. 504; C. i. 468; V. 75.   ¶ Probably Lat. ōs, Skt. ásya, the month, belongs here (Curtius).   Ex. suttee; palæontology, authentic, eu- (prefix); absent, present, essence, entity; am, art, is, are, sooth, sin; perhaps oral, &c.

✔AS,  to throw, leave (or reject).   Skt. as, to throw, leave; Gk. ὀσ-τέον, bone (rejected), ὄσ-τρεον, shell, oyster; Lat. os, bone. F. i. 503; C. i. 258; V. 76.   Ex. oyster, osseous, osprey.

Pron. base I, indicating the 3rd person; orig. demonstrative.  Lat. i-s, he; Skt. i-dam, this.   Hence AINA, one.   O. Lat. oinos, Lat. unus, Goth. ains, A.S. án, one; &c.  F. i. 505; V. 77.   Ex. unity, onion; one, only, atone.

✔I,  to go.   Skt. i, to go; Gk. εἶ-μι, I go, αἰ-ών, flux of time, time, age; Lat. i-re, to go, æ-uum, time; Goth. i-ddja, A.S. eo-de, I went.   F. i. 506; C. i. 500; V. 79.   Ex. isthmus; ambient, circuit, commence, count (1), exit, eyre, initial, issue, itinerant, obit, pellitory (1), perish, prætor, preterit, proem, sedition, sudden; &c.

✔IK,  (= ✔IG),  to possess, own.   Skt. íç, Goth. aigan, to possess.   F. i. 507.   Ex. owe, own (1), own (2).

....to be continued.